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Build cohesive, caring and sustainable communities. Pursuing African advancement and enhanced international cooperation. Sustainable Resource Management and use. Building a developmental state including improvement of public services and strengthening democratic institutions. A standard model of economic growth shows that as a country develops, its primary activities agriculture included take a lower percentage in that countrys GDP , secondary activities e. The fact that agricultures share of the South African GDP is shrinking is to be expected since we have economic growth.

Agriculture grows but not at the same speed as other sectors. Because of the linkages with other sectors see next heading , some sources prefer to view agriculture in a wider context, referring to the agro-food industry instead.

Agriculture remains a cornerstone and the countrys lifeblood, whatever its share of the GDP. On a national level we are food secure because of agriculture. It is crucial for a country to maintain its agricultural sector so that its need for basic foodstuff can be met. The First World countries know this. It is not out of spite that they hold onto those trade-distorting agricultural subsidies. Their farmers do more than just look after the countryside. Linkages and the farm Nothing happens in a vacuum, and agriculture is no exception.

It is dependent on inputs often referred to as what is upsteam and conditions which make it possible, and agriculture in turn provides the raw material for the agro-food industries downstream. By looking at it in context, we see that agriculture allows for much in our world to be what it is. The Careers and Employment in Agriculture chapter recognises this in providing brief overviews of careers that ostensibly have nothing to do with farming. But look closer: Agriculture means that there is a market for inputs, and so we have, along with the businesses that supply tractors, vehicles and equipment, various individuals who are mechanics, managers, accountants, electricians etc.

Agriculture creates a market for services. It is an economic industry, and so economists have their role to play in charting the waters and making sense of where the ship is going.

Many of these human beings are involved in the trading and marketing of agricultural produce. Financial services are required, and so the individuals who find employment as bankers and financers step up to take their place in the line. Human beings who do social and legal work, and others whom we would designate politicians are also included in the picture because agriculture takes place within a social and political context. Because South Africa operates in a global environment, we require upto-date knowledge to be competitive, otherwise we lose our markets overseas and the local ones will be snapped up by producers from outside our country.

We could continue, but having made our point we will leave this for the reader who is intrigued by the idea to explore it further. Agriculture itself is an important source of employment, especially because of the large number of dependants per farm worker refer to the Labour and job creation chapter.

Along with food processing, it is one of the largest suppliers of jobs. Investment in agriculture and promoting the conditions under which agriculture happens is consistent with pro-poor strategies because of agricultures place in the rural areas.

Agriculture and the GDP Gross Domestic Product We need food to survive, and agriculture is central to the process which brings that food to our plates. Much is linked to the spark which is agriculture, and numerous studies point to its multiplier effect on other sectors: a Rand spent in agriculture achieves more than a Rand spent anywhere else see heading 3.

Agriculture provides the economic base on which most of our rural areas are based. Increasingly, it is an urban activity too see The Urban Question chapter. According to the Census of Commercial Agriculture , the number of farming units is 39 , as opposed to 45 in GDP Gross Domestic Product is a measure of economic production and often standard of living of a country.

Agricultures share of the GDP is placed at somewhere between 2. Websites and publications The reader is pointed to daily and weekly sources of information in the ICT and agriculture media chapter, and relevant publications and websites are listed in almost every chapter of the book. Find the quarterly economic overviews on www.

Find also the Trends in the Agricultural Sector documents at the same place. Roleplayers within the different sectors are listed in the relevant chapters, mostly under the headings Companies Involved, Training and research and Roleplayers. Of particular relevance to agriculture, the following changes were made to government departments after the election: Agriculture was separated from Land Affairs whilst picking up Forestry and Fisheries.

Rural development a new ministerial mandate linked up with Land Reform. Find information about and contact details for all government departments at www.

The reader is encouraged to visit www. Contact details and names of directorates are available, in January , under the Divisions menu option. Introduction The importance of rural development 1. Overview Poverty affects millions of people, with the majority of them being women and children living in rural areas. Of the 17 million poor people in South Africa, at least 11 million live in rural areas.

The rural economy is inextricably linked to agricultural production. Even if these people are not engaged in agriculture, they rely on nonfarm employment and income that depends in some way or another on agriculture The challenge for the agricultural sector is not only to produce more food, but also to create income-generating employment for poor people inside and outside agriculture, on a sustainable basis. Moreover, each provincial government has completed, or is completing, a rural development plan that identifies focus areas and nodes, based on structured applications of a range of criteria.

The rest live on commercial farms and in the small towns. Women form the majority of the rural population and female-headed households are particularly disadvantaged. Three quarters of the children in the rural areas live in households with incomes below the minimum subsistence level. The poorest households also have low levels of literacy and education, difficult and time-consuming access to water, fuel and other services, and few opportunities of gainful employment.

This results in high levels of malnutrition, morbidity and mortality of children. An understanding of the sources of rural household incomes provides another perspective on the nature of rural poverty: 4. Women head the majority of these households.

From the BEE Commission Report, earlier this decade, you could add: Rural housing is often substandard or nonexistent, and many people are migrants working in urban areas. Many of them are still living in urban dormitories with attendant difficulties maintaining family and social ties. As a result, the rural-urban continuum takes a particular form in South Africa. The level of interdependence between rural communities and distant large cities is higher than elsewhere, but there is a less organic linkage between rural areas and the towns near them.

Rural empowerment is directly relevant to the following elements of the Codes of Good Practice: Ownership. Broad-based groupings are often rural communities or have a rural component. Enterprise Development ED. While ED is not explicitly directed at rural communities, it is in keeping with the spirit of the Codes to try and channel your ED spending to rural recipients. Consider that R of ED spending in a rural community has the potential to impact far more people than the same amount of spending in an urban community.

This is because of the high ratios of bread winner to dependents in typical rural communities. Socio-economic Investment. Being born in a rural area or the countryside should not condemn people to a life of poverty and underdevelopment, says President Jacob Zuma. Our vision for the development of rural areas arises from the fact that people in the rural areas also have a right to basic necessities.

They have a right to electricity, water, flush toilets, roads, entertainment and sport centres. They have a right to shopping centres, good schools and other amenities like their compatriots in urban areas, said the President. He said that people living in rural areas also have the right to be helped with farming so that they can grow vegetables and raise livestock to be able to feed their families.

Achieving this is one of governments top priorities. Speaking at the launch of the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme CRDP aimed at radically transforming rural areas, the President said government would not rest for as long as there were rural dwellers who were unable to make a decent living from the land on which they live. Source: Buanews 17 Aug National strategy and government departments The vision of the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme CRDP is to enable rural people to play a meaningful role in the economy, thereby dealing effectively with rural poverty through the productive use and management of natural resources at their disposal.

Read about the CRDP at www. Ideas for the Urban Business Public relations value from rural BEE has a high level of credibility because of its inherent challenges, and creative thinking around your business model and strategy can reveal some excellent opportunities to grow your business and benefit rural communities at the same time. The first step lies in understanding your business strategy and seeing where a rural initiative could further your business aims and lead to empowerment with little or no additional expenditure.

Take for example a footwear manufacturing company struggling in the city with high levels of competition, sophisticated consumers and high running costs. Sponsorship of a well-planned rural community upliftment project such as an Easter soccer tournament, could: cost very little relative to the cost of sponsoring a similar event in the city; reach a much wider audience many urban dwellers return to their rural homes over Easter anyway; expose a large number of people to the brand for the first time, in a setting where there are few other brands competing for their attention; yield great PR value through press releases and coverage of the event in the urban newspapers.

The company could follow this up by building relationships with rural footwear retailers to ensure their products are stocked in anticipation of new orders, and even count some of the cost of the investment in the retailers as Enterprise Development spending e. This could be coupled with a bursary scheme paid for as Socio-economic Investment that is offered as a prize in a marketing campaign to further extend brand awareness to the local community.

Rural empowerment does not therefore have to mean an entirely new BEE strategy, but can be as straight-forward as looking at your current plan and working in a rural impact wherever it makes business sense. Agri-Africa Consultants Tel: www. The major constraints are the restrictive institutional arrangements and lack of skills that prevent the resources both natural and other from being mobilized and used sustainably.

By mobilising resources, creating enterprises and increasing local economic activity the taxation base for municipalities to increase revenue is also increased, helping these institutions to become more sustainable.

The government has, and continues to develop strategies and policies to address rural development. These are generally sound but many fail to impact on the ground. In our opinion it is imperative that rural development is seen as a business, in the sense that the available resources natural, community and financial need to be mobilised, co-ordinated and managed. To have longer term impact the intitiative must be sustainable.

Sustainability is synonymous with profit, or better still with some regular perceived net benefit. This mobilisation, co-ordination and management must be at grass roots level ie per village or area, and be the responsibility of a project champion who is tasked with making this happen.

Source: notes written to the editor by Womiwu Rural Development. Roleplayers Agricultural Colleges Find details of all Colleges in the Agricultural education and training chapter. Regional office contacts can be found on the website. Here we will mention only eight. Global Donor Platform for Rural Development www. Find details on the website about the RuralInvest toolkit comprising training courses, manuals and software.

The Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship www. Rural Finance Learning Centre www. National Government Departments Contact details for all government departments can be found at www. Environmental Monitoring Group Tel: www. Find the rural development pages under the Other menu option.

Department of Rural Development and Land Reform www. There is rural transport, rural education, rural health, rural job creation, rural infrastructure, and so on. One hopes that a cluster of government departments rolls up their sleeves to develop the rural areas and bring hope. Imagine if it were led by the economic powerhouse of government: Treasury, Economic Development, and the National Planning Commission!

Under the Constitution, local government is tasked with facilitating local economic development, including agricultural development. The rural municipalities and provincial government are challenged by the National Spatial Development Framework to facilitate development in line with the economic potential of its area of jurisdiction.

Furthermore, the financial reality of non-affordability of municipal services to meet basic needs - owing to weak local economic bases - emphasizes the need for Local Municipalities to actively pursue their LED mandates. This entails creating an enabling environment, stimulating economic growth, job creation, redistribution of economic opportunities, and also, black economic empowerment.

The resource base of rural municipalities is mostly agriculture driven and in the long-term the capacity and affordability of these municipalities to improve service delivery is tied to the fortunes of the rural sector.

ACAT Tel: www. The plan includes selling produce to tourists and stores in the region, and so generate revenue and work opportunities. Read about their rural work on www. Local Government Business Network visit www. Links to all municipalities can be found on the website.

Over 13 million citizens received social assistance benefits in , and of these beneficiaries nine million are children. Thusong Service Centre www. A business plan for the initiative seeks to establish a Thusong service Centre in each of South Africas municipalities.

To aid government in its quest to improve the quality of drinking water served in rural communities, the Water Research Commission WRC has published a new set of guidelines for small water treatment plant operators. Provincial contact details are available at www. The national office may be contacted at The agricultural SETA www.

Find their details in the Science and Research chapter. Sustainability A sustainable community ideally does not depend on externalities for its functioning and survival. It would incorporate the following:. It grows social capital. Fosters conditions for society to thrive and enhances its capacity to meet its needs: Level 1: Natural systems are not damaged. To do so will undermine and limit that community sooner or later. Level 2: This relates to conditions at the social system level: a decision made elsewhere might result in people not having access to resources, or to education.

Any power that does not recognise interdependence is not sustainable. Local knowledge, wisdom, culture are nurtured, tapped; this is reflected in decisions made at this level. Social and ecological implications are linked.

New and existing communities should have some primary activity in its economic make-up. This is important for the creation of a diverse local economy. Towns should not depend on cities for their survival. It maintains and fosters diversity. Biological, social and economic. The degradation of natural systems is taboo over-harvesting, loss of biodiversity, monocultures, etc.

Diversity is natures design framework. It governs itself. The smaller and more local the government, the more participation there is and the more legitimate, accountable and effective it becomes. It is designed with the intention to facilitate all of the above. Design does not stop at the house, street, landscaping, cadastral subdivisions or planning regulations.

It asks questions about what waste is produced, where it goes and how it is managed. It asks questions about how the community is managed and how it earns its keep. It asks questions about how the habitat is enriched by the resident community. In short, the designers for there are many must create frameworks which nurture communities and their habitats - not to limit or constrain through regulations, for regulation is a signal of design failure.

It does not export waste. Limit the waste flow. Keep the biological and technological waste streams separate and upcycle it where waste is used as resource for the next step in the communitys metabolism. This approach follows natures dictum of waste is food: it eliminates pollution. Create jobs from the waste! It does not import resources. Resources are seen as: material, energy, labour, knowledge, capital and wisdom. Introduction Agriculture in the provinces 1. Overview In terms of the Constitution of South Africa, Act of , agricultural support to farmers is vested in the provincial governments, which provide farmers with a range of services.

The national government retains the overall regulatory and policy functions and agricultural trade and marketing. Find the links to the Provincial Departments of Agriculture websites at www. For a list of provincial extension officers, see the Emerging Farmer Support chapter. Find also the enormously useful provincial overviews at www. Detail is given on types of vegetation, agricultural activities in the province and much more.

Find the details of provincial farmer unions in the Organised Agriculture chapter. The National Council of Provinces NCOP provides provinces with a forum in which to engage with the national government on matters concerning areas of shared national and provincial legislative powers. The NCOP also oversees the programmes and activities of national government relating to provincial and local government matters.

It meets four times a year. Quarterly news and research magazine. Subscriptions: Magriet de Lange Tel: Information sheets. Eastern Cape www. You will find Agriculture under Departments. Selecting this menu option will take you to www. The services rendered by this Department are aimed towards realising the vision of Global success, Competitive, Inclusive, Socially responsible and in balance with Nature.

The services are divided into 6 programmes, supported by Administration Corporate and Financial services. An extensive list of contacts is offered on www. Cacadu A general list of contacts can be found at www.

This involves identifying and packaging agri-business and agri-processing opportunities. Find contact details on the advert opposite. Find the Telephone Directory on the website. Private Bag X Kimberley North West Invest North West, the provinces trade and investment promotion agency has identified seven agricultural clusters as key areas to drive the provinces economy and develop existing capacity.

These clusters, offering potential investors viable business opportunities include: Renewable energy; essential oil production; goat meat processing; beef beneficiation; edible oils; indigenous medicinal plants and aquaculture.

Other opportunities include fruit and vegetable canning and leather production. For additional information on any of these agricultural initiatives contact Invest North West: call or visit www. Overview At present we rely on a food delivery chain that is unsustainable at all points but is so remote from our awareness that we take it for granted and seldom question its ethics or environmental impact.

How will cities feed themselves as Climate Change and Peak Oil begin to impact on our lives? Prof Michael Rudolph. The rapid urbanisation that is taking place goes together with a rapid increase in urban poverty and urban food insecurity. Most cities in developing countries have great difficulties to cope with this development and are unable to create sufficient formal employment opportunities for the poor. They also have increasing problems with the disposal of urban wastes and waste water and maintaining air and river water quality.

Urban agriculture provides a complementary strategy. Next to food security, urban agriculture contributes to local economic development, poverty alleviation and social inclusion of the urban poor and women in particular, as well as to the greening of the city and the productive reuse of urban wastes.

Urban agriculture may take place in locations inside the cities intraurban or in the peri-urban areas. The activities may take place on the homestead on-plot or on land away from the residence off-plot , on private land owned, leased or on public land parks, conservation areas, along roads, streams and railways , or semi-public land schoolyards, grounds of schools and hospitals.

Urban agriculture includes food products, from different types of crops grains, root crops, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits and animals poultry, rabbits, goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, guinea pigs, fish, etc. Often the more perishable and relatively high-valued vegetables and animal products and by-products are favoured.

In most cities in developing countries, an important part of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being traded. However, the importance of the market-oriented urban agriculture, both in volume and economic value, should not be underestimated as will be shown later.

Products are sold at the farm gate, by cart in the same or other neighbourhoods, in local shops, on local farmers markets or to intermediaries and supermarkets. Mainly fresh products are sold, but part of it is processed for own use, cooked and sold on the streets, or processed and packaged for sale to one of the outlets mentioned above.

Urban agriculture is an integral part of the urban system. Publications and websites Guidelines for Urban and peri-urban animal agriculture, compiled by the Directorate Animal and Aquaculture Production. Call Standard Banks AgriReviews frequently topics related to urban agriculture. One such article is referred to under the opening heading. Another article can be found in the 1st quarter of , entitled Urbanisation.

Find these at www. It contains concepts, presentations and features. Find the publications, videos and other resources. Find the different urban option at www. The greater the development in the rural areas in line with the Integrated and Sustainable Rural Development Strategy ISRDS , the less will be the reason for the rapid urban migration which places such strain on available resources in the urban centres, leading to declining living conditions there.

Urban agriculture Urban agriculture can be defined shortly as the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities. The most striking feature of urban agriculture, which distinguishes it from rural agriculture, is that it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system.

Such linkages include the use of urban residents as labourers, use of typical urban resources like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for irrigation , direct links with urban consumers, direct impacts on urban ecology positive and negative , being part of the urban food system, competing for land with other urban functions, being influenced by urban policies and plans, etc.

He can be reached at and at Organic micro-farming and karela elsenburg. Municipality Tel: Afesis-corplan japhtam tshwane. Ukuvuna Permaculture is an independent private company that focuses on the development of practical skills. Its Permaculture urban training centre is well established. Siyakhana Food Garden Project c. Siyakhana conducts inter-andmultidisciplinary research and provides design, training and implementation services to private individuals and to organisations.

Visser capetown. The citys Urban Agricultural Policy a pdf document can be found on its website www. There are currently two urban agriculture centres in the city one in Atlantis and one in Phillipi. National issues Biosecurity 1. Overview Biosecurity is a relatively new word, derived from biological security. Biosecurity covers the introduction of animal pests and diseases, zoonoses, plant pests, the introduction and release of genetically modified organisms GMOs and their products, and the introduction and management of invasive alien species and genotypes.

Biosecurity is a strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory frameworks including instruments and activities that analyse and manage risks in the sectors of food safety, animal life and health, and plant life and health, including associated environmental risk. The information in this chapter is weighted on the part of livestock. The reader is asked to also consult other, related chapters of relevance. A farmer that tries to avoid essential preventative treatment and spending is acting unwisely: animal diseases are detrimental to the economy of the country, to say nothing of human and animal health.

The most important step in disease control is to minimise commingling and movement of cattle. Traffic control includes traffic onto your operation and traffic patterns within your operation. It is important to understand traffic includes more than vehicles. All animals and people must be considered. Animals other than cattle include dogs, cats, horses, wildlife, rodents and birds. Sanitation addresses the disinfection of materials, people and equipment entering the operation and the cleanliness of the people and equipment on the operation.

Biosecurity systems on farms are to a large extent the responsibility of the individual producers and are designed to protect the producers own interests. Implementation of a biosecurity plan requires an understanding of the epidemiological principles of disease including the host species, agent disease and environmental factors which must be managed using objective cost effective decision making processes. For a stock farmer, the four legs of a Biosecurity Programme are: A structured and effective immunisation programme should be in place and adhered to.

Minimise contacts with possible infectious agents or animals. Animals introduced into a herd should be certified disease and parasite free. Eliminate sources of infection.

Control the movement of people amongst farms and farm animals. South African Pork Producers Organisation SAPPO The goal of biosecurity is to stop transmission of disease causing agents by preventing, minimising or controlling cross-contamination of body fluids feces, urine, saliva, etc. Biosecurity management practices are designed to prevent the spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms and their vectors viruses, bacteria, rodents, flies, etc.

Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because the interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity are very complex. While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult, it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available, and no disease prevention program will work without it.

Infectious diseases can be spread between operations by: the introduction of diseased cattle or healthy cattle incubating disease; introduction of healthy cattle who have recovered from disease but are now carriers; vehicles, equipment, clothing and shoes of visitors or employees who move between herds; contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with disease organisms; carcasses of dead cattle that have not been disposed of properly; feedstuffs, especially high risk feedstuff which could be contaminated with feces; impure water surface drainage water, etc.

Roleplayers Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Find notes on all of the directorates at www. The Plant Health menu option at www. Find the presentation Phytosanitary requirements for imports and exports of plants, plant products and other regulated articles, given by this Marianna Theyse of this directorate, at www.

Provincial contacts are listed in the Animal Health chapter. Find the Contacts menu option at www. Profiles, documents e. The statutory levies for the different sectors address, amongst Directorate: Agricultural Disaster other issues, the health and hygiene Management systems in those sectors. Tel: Animal Health Act, Act No. Objectives This Act provides for measures to promote animal health and to control animal diseases.

It assigns executive authority with regard to certain provisions of this Act to provinces. It regulates the importation and exportation of animals and things and establishes animal health schemes. Main provisions Control measures regarding all animal diseases proclaimed under the Act. Owners of animals must at all times prevent the infection of his or her animals with any animal disease or parasite, the spreading of the disease or parasite and arrange for the eradication thereof.

If it has become clear or reasonably suspected that animals have become infected with a controlled animal disease, like rabies or foot and mouth, immediately report of such infection must be given to the nearest State Veterinarian. No person may import or export any animal or animal product into or from the Republic unless the National Executive Officer has issued an import or export permit.

If owners of animals finds amongst their animals, any animal, which has strayed or has been unlawfully removed or strayed from outside the Republic of South Africa, the animal must immediately be isolated, detained and the nearest State Veterinarian informed, pending further instructions.

In case of any doubt contact the nearest State veterinarian details in the Animal Health chapter or in cases of extreme urgency any veterinarian or Police station. The Act is available on www.

They advise farmers, South African Pork Producers agricultural co-ops etc. Find their details in the Animal Health chapter. The responsibility falls on all commercial farmers to protect their own interests through tick control at a level with which they and their advisers are comfortable. Ticks belong to reasonably distinctive name groups e. Blue tick, red legged tick, bont tick and so on but in reality, to the uninitiated, the engorged or fully fed adults of different species, which are most easily seen, are difficult to differentiate.

Knowledge of the appearance distribution and life cycles of these parasites goes a long way toward identifying individual ticks and helping one select a control measure that will work in a particular circumstance. All ticks lifecycles go through egg, larval, nymphal, and adult stages and depending on the number of hosts supplying feeds to the parasites. They can be grouped into three distinct categories namely single host, two host and three host ticks.

The life cycle may be repeated every 21 to 35 days as in the single host blue tick while other species may only complete 2 or 3 life cycles per year. It is this rapid life cycle turnover of the blue tick that enables them to develop resistance to many of the available chemicals. There are essentially 5 groups of chemicals for tick control namely Pyrethroids, Amidines or formadines, organophosphates, growth regulators and Macrocytic lactones which do not hold registration for all the tick species.

In a study of ticks and tick-borne pathogens from wildlife in the Free State Province published in Tonetti N et al reported that Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus, the known vector of Babesia bovis asiatic redwater in South Africa, was found for the first time in the Free State Province. The significance of this is ominous. Livestock producers should be alert to the dangers of introducing resistant ticks and disease into their herds regardless of their geographical whereabouts and should plan and implement biosecurity principles without delay.

Call or write to rickm iafrica. Products The practical course content is Tel: designed for implementation at www. Websites and publications See the websites of associations involved e.

Find the links on the Food and Veterinary Services pages at www. These can be viewed under the Publications option at www.

See also the other publications in the Animal Health chapter. Find the Comprehensive Atlas at www. Find information on Avian Flu on the website of Birdlife International www.

Technically the Swine Flu outbreak of was a human flu and using the term Swine Flu is erroneous. Read more at www. International Plant Protection Convention www.

Zoonoses: diseases of livestock that can affect humans The word zoonosis has its origins in the Greek zoon, meaning animal, and nosos meaning disease. In , the World Health Organisation Expert Committee on Zoonoses, defined zoonoses as those diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man. Zoonotic diseases are an occupational hazard for all those who work with livestock, including farmers and their workers, veterinary staff, those in the abattoir and dairy industries and, ultimately, the consumers of animal products like meat, dairy products and eggs.

Preventing the transfer of zoonotic diseases from animals to humans rests on three pillars. The first of these is keeping animals healthy through good management, vaccinations and parasite control. The second pillar is personal hygiene and attention to healthy working conditions in the livestock industry particularly details like the provision of good ventilation and accessible ablution blocks.

The third pillar is food hygiene, maintaining a cold chain and the inspection and quality control of animal products from the farm to the table. If these three pillars are kept in place, the chance or risk of catching any disease from an animal is very low you are much more likely to catch diseases from other people!

Prevention is better than cure; however, if you suspect you have a zoonotic disease, it is advisable to consult a medical practitioner as soon as possible.

Further details on the symptoms and treatment of zoonotic diseases are obtainable on the World Health Organisation www. The table following summarises the most important zoonotic diseases of livestock and gives some idea of how to prevent them being transmitted.

Ticks and biosecurity Some readers may remember the days when livestock movements were strictly controlled and permits were required to transport livestock from one district to another. Much of the legislation behind this came from the late decades of the 19th century where diseases were poorly understood but it was noticed that dipping and movement controls helped to control tick born diseases such as redwater. The serious losses experienced by farmers in those days prompted what was an effective biosecurity system but which also created some controversy.

Ticks and tick control will provoke heated debates even today with differing opinions on the proper levels of aggression in tick control; however, even with modern drugs and dips, ticks and the diseases they transmit remain.

How it is transmitted Contact with blood, skins or meat of diseased cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Contact with diseased birds infected with the virulent strain. Consumption of meat or other foods contaminated with the spores or toxins of Clostridium botulinum. Inhalation of or contact with blood or birth fluids of infected cattle. Drinking unpasteurised milk. Prevention Vaccinate cattle every year.

Notify state vet if there are sudden deaths in livestock. Do not slaughter and eat sick animals. Do not handle dead birds of any species without gloves, face-masks and protective clothing.

Vaccinate cattle. Food hygiene and cooking at high temperatures. How it is transmitted Cuts and wounds that are exposed to animal manure, pus and would infections of animals. Prevention Wash and disinfect all wounds immediately using running water. Cover wounds if working with animals, meat or milk. Rat control. Control fleas on animals including goats, dogs and cats.

Food hygiene. Clean drinking water prevent it being polluted by human and animal excreta. Wash hands after handling animals and before eating. Prevent water being contaminated with human or animal excreta. Do not crush ticks with your fingernails. Use tick repellents when working in areas with high tick levels. Hygiene during milking.

Prevent transmission between cows. Personal hygiene wash your hands well and scrub your nails before eating. Bites by rat fleas Bubon forms in inguinal lymphnode, fatal pneumonia. Severe acute gastroenteritis. If caused by Ecoli serotype , severe bloody gastroenteritis and organ failure. Severe chronic diarrhoea, difficult to treat. Flaccid paralysis of muscles; it progresses until the patient cannot sit or stand, eventually unable to breathe.

Acute symptoms look like malaria or influenza; Chronic intermittent fever, joint problems. Nodules on the skin and in the lymphnodes; chronic weight loss, severe cough with bloody phlegm. Chronic nervous symptoms that become worse; always fatal as it is incurable. Colibaccilosis Consumption of food, water or other material containing the organism Escherichia coli.

Vaccination of heifers, regular testing of cattle herd. Hygienic handling of aborted material or afterbirths. Pasteurise milk. Workers in dairies must be checked regularly for TB. Dairy cattle must be tested regularly for TB. Prevent the disease coming into South Africa. Test cattle that die after showing nervous symptoms. Consumption of food, water or other material containing the organism Cryptosporidium Contact with the blood of infected animals or bites by the tick Hyalomma spp.

Inhalation of droplets from coughing cows; drinking unpasteurised milk. Consumption of brain, lymphnodes or spinal tissue of affected cattle.

Contact with in- Red inflamed fective nodules nodule on the on cow teats. Consumption of the eggs of the pig tapeworm Taenia solium. Cysts on the brain can lead to epilepsy and madness in people. Large painful Vaccinate pigs nodule on the against Erisipelas. Can also cause vegetative endocarditis growths on the heart valves. Large cysts on the brain, lungs or in the liver of people. Kidney failure, jaundice and liver failure; responds well to antibiotic treatment.

Contagious ecthyma. Red swollen areas of skin of hands or face. Swollen lymphnodes and interstitial pneumonia. Do not feed raw meat, especially cysts from sheep carcasses, to dogs. Control rats they carry the disease. Test for the disease in livestock if there are abortions.

Wash hands well and do not touch your face while working with sheep or goats. Wear masks if working in dusty kraals; protective clothing when working with aborted foetus and uterine fluids.

Prevent contamination of food with animal faeces. Remember personal hygiene and wear protective clothing if working with sick animals or their faeces. Treat and control sarcoptic mange in animals. Mania and death Vaccinate all dogs. If bitten, go straight to a clinic or doctor and inform the state vet. Fever, retinitis with haemorrhage and edema, causing blindness. Encephalistis, liver and kidney failure.

Can be fatal. Vaccinate sheep if there is an outbreak. Use protective clothing and masks if working with infected animals or carcases. Control mosquitoes.

Treat animals with ringworm. Consult a physician if you become infected. Consult a physician for treatment with antibiotics. Leptospirosis Contact with pigs or cattle infected with the disease. Contact with infected water. Orf Contact with sheep or goats infected with orf. Inhaling dust in the kraals, contact with aborted material from cattle, sheep and goats; drinking unpasteurised milk. Mosquito bites during an outbreak, contact with blood or aborted material from infected sheep or cattle.

Blackened area after 10 days where bitten by a tick. Severe headaches. Granulomas in the brain of HIV positive people. Abnormalities in newborn children if mothers infected while they are pregnant. Salmonellosis Consumption of food, water or other material containing the organism Salmonella; contact with animals infected with Salmonella. Severe gastroenteritis which can be fatal in the very young and the elderly. Sometimes septicaemia and organ failure. Contact him at Small red itchy areas on the skin due to infection by the mite Sarcoptes scabei.

Severe coughing; can result in heart failure and death if untreated. Have sufficient ventilation when working in pigeon or poultry houses. Use a face mask and gloves if doing necropsies on dead birds. Based on these recommendations, the Government released a strategy document early in It was in this document that the notion of a BEE scorecard was introduced. For the first time there was a mechanism for measuring the progress towards BEE and so now there was a way to manage and drive that process forward.

During , and , various draft BEE Codes and Scorecards were debated and put out for public comment. Finally, in late January , Business, Government, Labour and Civil Society signed off the final BEE Codes of Good Practice which were gazetted on 9 February and thus begun at least a ten year period of measurement of Broad-Based BEE so named because it measures a broad number of contributions by an enterprise to social upliftment not just the transfer of ownership and management.

The functions of the Council, chaired by the President, are to advise government on Black Economic Empowerment. Government plans to hold a national summit in to address challenges and gaps in the policy. The scorecard becomes more important than straight forward ownership, because recognition is given to management control, skills development and supplier development, Employment Equity etc.

Overview There has been a global move in the last few years towards requiring businesses to be more accountable for the people they employ; the communities they live in and work amongst; and the businesses with which they do business.

Most developed countries and many developing nations have embraced concepts like Triple Bottom-line Accounting, which requires a business to account for the way they treat society issues like Affirmative Appointments; Skills Development; Corporate Social Investment; Small Business Development and Preferential Procurement and the way they treat the environment.

Other countries make use of Social Responsibility Indexes or Investor in People standards to measure and report on the social responsibility of businesses. First and foremost, BEE is an attempt to encourage all businesses to measure and report on the role they are playing in uplifting the society they are in.

It is about encouraging the formal upliftment of the have-nots or previously disadvantaged. That most of the have-nots in South Africa are black African, Coloured or Indian is a result of past disadvantage. That is why, in South Africa, our socio-economic empowerment programme is, for the foreseeable future, focused on black South Africans. South Africa is pioneering a model for socio-economic empowerment and it will have successes and failures. Time will show up the mistakes in the policy and these will hopefully be corrected.

Lessons like Zimbabwe on our border show what happens when we fail to deal with social imbalances in a structured, international best-practice model. What is true is that if we can fast-track capacity building; create a more-equal sharing of wealth; and continue to grow and be more competitive, we will reap the fruits of these programmes in the years to come.

This will be up to individual companies, and the individuals within those companies, as to how well we succeed or how much we fail at becoming more sustainable businesses, communities and a more socially balanced country.

How BEE works The BEE Codes set principles of how organisations are to be measured as to their social contributions as well as defining Scorecards which allocate targets for each element of the scorecard as well as a certain number of points for achieving that target also known as a weighting for that element. There are a number of scorecards depending on the size, sector or ownership of the business e.

Multinationals or public organizations might have slightly amended scorecards. The dti BEE scorecard looks at seven elements of transformation that an enterprise could be measured on. Below we list the points or weightings for larger businesses those with a turnover of more than R35million per year. The figures in brackets refer to the points or weighting given to the element.

This then adds up to a total of points kind of like writing a test on BEE. The details of the formulae and targets are contained in a series of documents called the Codes of Good Practice for BEE. Black Economic Empowerment: a history How does one go about encouraging an economy to achieve a transformation to a more equitable distribution of wealth without destabilising it?

Early attempts by corporate businesses to sell stakes to black shareholders often involved intricate mechanisms of finance that either effectively gave no control to the new shareholder or relied heavily on an increase in share price in order for them to gain any material benefit whatsoever. Many of these deals were doomed to fail. Some were successful, but have been criticized for putting much wealth in the hands of very few, while for most previously disadvantaged South Africans the struggle continues.

This fact did not go unnoticed and in the black business bodies established the Black Economic Empowerment Commission, a think tank of politicians, economists and consultants who set about trying to find an answer to the problems that were holding back economic transformation.

In they released a report that changed Governments thinking on Black Economic Empowerment BEE and painted some broad strokes about the way forward. Firstly, they recommended that Government should get in the driving seat.